Yintoni Isifo Sombefu?

Umbefu yimeko yemiphunga engapheliyo (yexesha elide) echaphazela imigudu yakho yomoya okanye imibhobho yebronchi. Inokubangela ukuba iindlela zakho zomoya zibe mxinwa kwaye umgca wazo udumbe kwaye uvelise umfinya owongezelelweyo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuphefumla. Ukucutheka kwemijelo yomoya kubangela ukuba uzive uphefumla kancinci, uphefumlele phezulu, okanye ukhohlele. [1] Umbefu ukhona naxa ungenazo naziphi na iimpawu. 

Isifo sombefu sinokuchaphazela abantu bayo yonke iminyaka. Ngelixa kunokuba buthathaka kwabanye, kwabanye kunokuba nzima kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba bonke ubunzima be-asthma bunokuchaphazela imisebenzi yesiqhelo yemihla ngemihla kwaye abantu abaneempawu ze-asthma ezingaqhelekanga basenokuhlaselwa sisifo se-asthma esisongela ubomi ukuba i-asthma yabo ayiphathwa ngokufanelekileyo.  

Nangona lungekho unyango lwe-asthma, lunokulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo. Iimpawu zinokulawulwa, [2] kunye nomngcipheko wokuhlaselwa uncitshiswe kakhulu. Ayinguye wonke umntu one-asthma oya kuba neempawu ezifanayo ngqo kwaye inokutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba kutheni kubalulekile ukuba ujongwe rhoqo nogqirha wakho okanye umongikazi we-asthma, ukuze bakwazi ukubeka iliso kwisifuba sakho kwaye balutshintshe unyango lwakho ukuba kukho imfuneko.

Ezinye zeempawu eziqhelekileyo kunye neempawu ze-asthma ziquka [2,3]:

  • Ukuqhawukelwa ngumphefumlo
  • Imvakalelo yoxinzelelo, ukuqina, okanye intlungu esifubeni sakho
  • Ukuhlahlela
  • Ukubetha okanye ukubetha isandi xa uphuma (ukubhuqa kuxhaphake kakhulu kubantwana abanesifuba)
  • Uhlaselo lokukhohlela kunye nokuphefumla okubi ngakumbi xa unomkhuhlane, umkhuhlane, okanye esinye isigulo sokuphefumla
  • Ingxaki yokulala ebusuku ngenxa yokuphefumla nzima, ukukhohlela, okanye ukuphefumla

Ayinguye wonke umntu onesifo sombefu oneempawu ezifanayo ncam. Iimpawu zinokuthi zenzeke ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo onyaka nangamaxesha ahlukeneyo ebomini bakho. Iimpawu zisenokwahluka ukusuka komncinci ukuya kombi kakhulu. [4]

Ukuba i-asthma yakho iyatshintsha okanye iyavutha, ngoko unokufumana iimpawu ziba mandundu kunesiqhelo. Ungakufumanisa kunzima ngakumbi ukuphefumla, ukufumana ukuphefumla ngakumbi, kwaye udinga amayeza akho rhoqo. [3]

Xa kuhlaselwe umbefu, izihlunu ezingqonge iindlela zomoya ziyaqina [5] – oku ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa yibronchospasm. I-Bronchospasm [6] yenza isifuba sakho sizive siqinile kwaye yenza kube nzima ukubamba umoya wakho. Unokwenza impempe okanye isandi sokutswina xa uzama ukuphefumla. I-lining kwi-airways inokuthi ivuthe kwaye idumbe, i-mucus eninzi inokuveliswa, kwaye i-mucus ingaba nkulu kunesiqhelo.

Ukuba uneempawu zesifuba esibuthathaka, ukuthatha i-inhaler yakho yokuphefumla kufuneka kukuncede uzive ungcono kwimizuzu. Kodwa ukuba uneempawu zombefu ezinzima, unokufuna unyango, njengoko oko kunokubeka ubomi esichengeni. [7]

Zeziphi iimpawu eziLumkisa kwangethuba zoHlaselo loMbefu?

Umbefu sisimo esingapheliyo, kodwa xa uhlaselo lombefu lusenzeka, sisehlo “esibukhali”. Oku kuthetha ukuba luhlaselo lwequbuliso kwaye ngamanye amaxesha olubi.

Kukho ezinye iimpawu ezilumkiso zakwangoko onokuthi uzijonge ezinokucebisa ukuba uhlaselo lwe-asthma lunokwenzeka. Iimpawu zihlala zithambile, kodwa kunokuba luncedo ukuzazi ukuze wenze konke okusemandleni akho ukunqanda uhlaselo lwesifuba olugcweleyo okanye olubi kakhulu.

Iimpawu zesilumkiso sokuqala kunye neempawu [3,8] ekufuneka uzijonge ziquka:

  • Ukuphefumla ngakumbi, ngakumbi ukuba kusebusuku
  • Umfinya obuninzi okanye isikhohlela kunesiqhelo
  • Kufuneka uthathe i-inhaler yakho yokuhlangula rhoqo
  • Ubuthathaka, ukudinwa, okanye ukungabi namandla
  • Ukudinwa kakhulu xa uzilolonga
  • Ukuphefumla nokukhohlela emva kokuzilolonga
  • Ukhohlokhohlo oluya luqatsela 
  • Ukuncipha kumsebenzi wakho wesiqhelo wemiphunga (enokulinganiswa ngokusebenzisa imitha yokuphuma kwamanzi encopho)
  • Ukwaliwa okanye umkhuhlane, kuquka ukuxinana kweempumlo, ukuthimla, umqala obuhlungu, nentloko ebuhlungu

Ukuba unesicwangciso sakho sesenzo sombefu [9] endaweni, kufuneka uhlengahlengise iyeza lakho ngokuhambelana nemiyalelo ekwisicwangciso sakho. Ukuba awunaso isicwangciso senzo, okanye uneempawu zokugqabhuka kwesifuba, cela ingcebiso kugqirha wakho. Kubalulekile ukuba ube nesicwangciso sakho sokusebenza sombefu – cela ugqirha wakho okanye umongikazi wakho onesifo sombefu akulungiselele isicwangciso somntu.

Oyena nobangela wesifo sombefu akaziwa kwaye izinto ezinokubangela umntu zinokwahluka kumntu nomntu. Nangona kunjalo, kuyaziwa ukuba Ngamanye amaxesha isifo sombefu sibanjelwa kwiintsapho, okuthetha ukuba ukuba umzali wakho okanye umntakwenu unesifo sombefu, kusenokwenzeka ukuba nawe ube naso. Imiba yokusingqongileyo nayo inokudlala indima. Isifo sombefu sihlala siqala ebuntwaneni, kodwa sinokuqala nakubantu abadala. 

Isifo sombefu sihlala sisenzeka ngenxa yokusabela kwamajoni omzimba kwindalo esingqongileyo, efana nepollen okanye amangolwane. Ayinguye wonke umntu ovezwe kwi-allergen efanayo osabela kuyo okanye banokusabela ngokwahlukileyo. Nangona izizathu zokuba kutheni i-allergen ethile ichaphazela umntu omnye ngaphezu kwabanye ayicacanga ngokupheleleyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba izakhi zofuzo zingabandakanyeka.

Eminye imiba esemngciphekweni [10] enokunyusa amathuba akho okuba nesifuba sombefu ziquka:

  • Genetics -Ukuba nelungu losapho, njengomzali okanye umntakwabo, onesifo se-asthma
  • Ukuba ne-allergies, efana ne-hay fever, eczema, okanye i-allergies yokutya (ezi zaziwa ngokuba phezulu iimeko)
  • Ukuba ngumntu otshayayo
  • Ukuvezwa kukutshaya okanye ukutshaya, kubandakanya ngexesha lobuntwana okanye lokukhulelwa
  • ukutyeba
  • Ukuba nosulelo lokuphefumla eselusana
  • Ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwexesha [11] okanye unobunzima obuphantsi

Abacebisi

Iindlela zomoya eziya emiphungeni zidla ngokuvuleka, nto leyo evumela umoya ukuba ungene kwaye uphume ngokukhululekileyo emiphungeni. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abanesifo sombefu baneendlela zomoya ezibuthathaka ezicatshukiswayo kwaye zidumbile. Iimpawu zombefu zibangelwa xa iindlela zomoya ziqina okanye zixinanisene xa ziphendula izinto ezibangela umbefu kwaye zinokugcwala umfinya, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho indawo encinane kwimizila yomoya yokuphefumla. Iimpawu zisenokubangelwa ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokucaphukisa, izinto kunye neemeko. [12] 

Izinto ezibangela iimpawu zombefu zinokwahluka kubantu abohlukeneyo. Basenokuquka:

  • Yenza umthambo, ngakumbi ngexesha lemozulu ebandayo okanye eyomileyo
  • Ukuba sesichengeni somsi, ungcoliseko, okanye umsi
  • Izifo zokuphefumula ezifana nokubanda okanye umkhuhlane
  • Ukwalana, okufana nengolwane, uboya besilwanyana, iintsiba, okanye umungu, kwizigulana ezingadibaniyo nezi zinto.
  • Utshintsho kwimozulu, kuquka umoya obandayo, iindudumo, ubushushu, ukufuma, okanye naluphi na utshintsho lwesiquphe lobushushu
  • Ukuthatha amayeza athile, anje nge-beta-blockers (esetyenziselwa iingxaki ezithile zentliziyo okanye kumathontsi eliso kwi-glaucoma), kwaye, kwabanye abantu abanesifo sombefu, ukuthatha iipilisi zeentlungu ezichasayo [13]
  • Ukufumana iimvakalelo ezinamandla ezinje ngoxinzelelo
  • Ukuvezwa kukungunda, kubantu abangalufuniyo
  • Kwabanye abantu abanesifo sombefu, iisulfites [14] kunye nezigcinakeleyo zongezwa kwezinye ukutya neziselo, kubandakanywa iziqhamo ezomisiweyo, ishrimps, iitapile ezicutshungulweyo, ibhiya kunye newayini.
  • Isifo se-reflux ye-gastroesophageal (GERD), apho i-asidi yesisu ibuyela emqaleni wakho [15]

Kubalulekile ukwazi izinto ezikubangelayo kwaye uziphephe, apho kunokwenzeka, ukunceda ukulawula i-asthma yakho. Nangona kunjalo, xa isifo sesifuba sinyangwa ngamayeza achasene nokudumba, kwaye iimpawu ziba phantsi kolawulo olungcono, awuyi kuphendula kwizinto ezikubangelayo ngaphambili. 

Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iimeko zempilo, akukho luhlobo lunye lwesifo sombefu- sichaphazela abantu abohlukeneyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Njengoko ulwazi kunye nokuqonda kuye kwaphucuka ukutyhubela iminyaka, iingcali zonyango zichonge iintlobo ezahlukeneyo.

Ukwazi ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwe-asthma onalo kunokukunceda ufunde indlela yokulawula ngcono kwaye, kwabanye abantu, kunokukunceda ukuba ugweme ukudibana nezinto ezibangelayo.

Isifuba Se-Asma Esibangelwa Kukwalana Nezinto

I-atopic asthma, okanye i-atopic asthma, lolona hlobo luxhaphakileyo lwe-asthma. [16] Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80% yabantu abane-asthma nabo bane-allergies [17], kwaye ukuba ne-allergies kukubeka emngciphekweni ophezulu wokuhlaselwa sisifuba. Kubantu abane-asthma ye-allergies, iimpawu okanye uhlaselo lunokuthi luqalwe zizinto eziphikisanayo ezifana ne-pollen, izilwanyana ezinothuli, uboya besilwanyana, okanye iintsiba.

Isifo sombefu esinganyangekiyo

Isifuba somoya esingalalisiyo, okanye i-atopic asthma, luhlobo lwesifo sesifuba esingabangelwa kukwalana. Olu hlobo ludla ngokuqala kamva ebudaleni. [18] Ixhaphake kakhulu kubantu abatyebe kakhulu.

Ukuqala komntu omdala (ukuqala kade) isifo sombefu

Abanye abantu abadala, ngakumbi abafazi [19], banokuba nohlaselo lwabo lokuqala lombefu njengomntu omdala. Oku kuthanda ukuba luhlobo lwesifuba esingalalisiyo. Oku kunokubandakanya isifo sombefu emsebenzini - uhlobo lwesifuba esibangelwa ngumsebenzi okanye umsebenzi wakho. Olu hlobo lwesifo sombefu lubangelwa okanye lubangelwa kukuchanabeka kumsi, iikhemikhali, uthuli, okanye ezinye iziphene odibana nazo ngexesha lomsebenzi wakho. I-asthma ye-asthma yabantu abadala inokubangelwa ziziganeko zobomi obunoxinzelelo.

Isifuba sombefu esinothintelo lokuhamba komoya oluzingisileyo

Ezinye izigulana ezinesifo sombefu ziya kuba “nothintelo lokuhamba komoya” olungaguqukiyo kwaye olungaguqukiyo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba kukulungiswa kwendlela yomoya, nto leyo ethetha ukuba iindlela zomoya ziyatshintsha ngokuba ngqindilili kwaye zibe mxinwa. [20] Ixhaphake kakhulu kubantu abatshayayo, kodwa inokwenzeka nakwabangatshayiyo.

Umbefu ngokutyeba

Ukutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo kunokudlala indima ekudaleni isifuba kwaye zenze iimpawu zesifuba zibe mandundu kwaye kube nzima ukuzilawula. [21] Ibangela uhlobo olwahlukileyo lokudumba kwimizila yomoya. 

Isifo sombefu esibangelwa kukuzilolonga

Abantu abanesifo sombefu walo naluphi na uhlobo banokuba neempawu ezibangelwa kukuzilolonga okanye ukuzibhokoxa. Iimpawu zinokuba mbi ngakumbi ngexesha nasemva kokwenza umthambo. [22]

Isifuba somntwana

Isifuba somntwana ixhaphakile kwaye okokuqala kwenzeka ngexesha lobuntwana. Olu hlobo lunokubangcono okanye lude lunyamalale ngokupheleleyo ebudeni beminyaka yokufikisa okanye njengoko usiya ukhula, nangona ludla ngokubuya ngexesha lobudala. [23] 

Isifuba somoya esiqatha

Isifuba esimandla sichaphazela abantu kakhulu kwaye sinokuba nempembelelo enkulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla. [24] Kunokwenzeka ukuba ubenesifuba esimandundu ukuba iimpawu zakho okanye uhlaselo lwakho luyaqhubeka nangona uthatha iidosi eziphezulu ze-steroids ephefumlelwayo okanye amanye amayeza, kwaye unokufuna unyango olongezelelweyo.

Isifo sombefu sonyaka

Isifuba somoya sonyaka sibakho kuphela ngamaxesha athile onyaka. Iimpawu zinokugqabhuka ehlotyeni xa amanqanaba e-pollen ephezulu, okanye ebusika xa imozulu ibanda kakhulu kwaye izifo zokuphefumula zixhaphake. [18]

Ukuqondwa

Ukuba ugqirha wakho ukrokrela ukuba une-asthma, baya kukubuza malunga neempawu zakho kwaye bacebise iimvavanyo zokuxilonga yona. Baza kujonga impumlo yakho, umqala, kunye nomoya ophezulu, ukumamela ukuphefumla kwakho usebenzisa i-stethoscope, kwaye uthathe imbali yonyango jikelele.

Uvavanyo lomsebenzi wemiphunga luya kwenziwa ukuze ubone ukuba isebenza kakuhle kangakanani imiphunga yakho. Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo olusetyenzisiweyo lubandakanya:

  • I-Spirometry [25] – apho uvuthela khona kumatshini olinganisa ukuba ungaphefumla ngokukhawuleza kangakanani kwaye ungakanani na umoya onokuwubamba emiphungeni yakho.
  • Uvavanyo lokuqukuqela kwencopho [26] – apho uvuthela kwisixhobo esiphathwayo esincinci, kwaye ilinganisa ukuba unokuphefumlela ngaphandle ngokukhawuleza kangakanani.
  • Uvavanyo lwe-FeNO [27] – apho uphefumla khona kumatshini olinganisa inqanaba lenitric oxide emphefumlweni wakho (oku kunokuqaqambisa ezinye iintlobo zokudumba emiphungeni okanye kwenye indawo) Funda ngakumbi kwi-FENO yeflaya yemfundo ye-GAAPP!

Ngamanye amaxesha, unokuba ne-x-ray yesifuba ukulawula ezinye izizathu zeempawu zakho.

Ubungqongqo Besifuba

Ubuzaza besifuba [4] bulinganiswa ngendlela ekunzima ngayo ukunyanga isifo sombefu.

Umbefu ongephi: Oku ngamanye amaxesha kuchazwa ngoogqirha njengesifuba esilawulwa kakuhle ngedosi ephantsi ye-corticosteroid amayeza, kodwa igama elithi "isifuba sombefu esithambileyo" lisetyenziswa kakhulu kubantu abangenazo iimpawu zombefu rhoqo okanye eziqatha. Nokuba ucinga ukuba i-asthma yakho ithambile, usenokuhlaselwa kakhulu, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuthatha isithinteli okanye isilawuli sokuphefumla.

Umbefu ophakathi: I-asthma elawulwa kakuhle kunye ne-dose ephantsi indibaniselwano ye-corticosteroids kunye neyeza ze-beta-agonist ezithatha ixesha elide.

Kunzima-ukunyanga: Isifuba sombefu esingalawulekiyo ngaphandle konyango ngamayeza aphakathi okanye aphezulu e-corticosteroids kunye namayeza e-beta-agonist athatha ixesha elide. Olu hlobo lwe-asthma kunzima ukunyanga ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi:

  • Unyango olungasebenziyo ngenxa yamandla okanye isenzo samayeza
  • Imiba eqhubekayo ngokulandela isicwangciso sonyango
  • Ukungayithathi i-inhaler yakho ngokuchanekileyo okanye rhoqo
  • Imiba yezempilo eyongezelelweyo, kuquka i-rhinosinusitis engapheliyo okanye ukutyeba

Isifuba esimandla: Abanye abantu bane-asthma engalawulekiyo nangona bethatha rhoqo iidosi eziphezulu ze-corticosteroids kunye namayeza e-beta-agonist athatha ixesha elide, kunye nezinye iingxaki eziqwalaselwayo apho kunokwenzeka. Oku kuhlala kubangelwa kuhlobo olwahlukileyo lwesifuba esingaphenduliyo nakwizinto eziqhelekileyo zokuphefumla isifuba, kwaye kunokuzuza kunyango olongezelelweyo. 

Unyango kunye namaYeza

Isifuba unyango kunye namayeza ukunceda ukulawula iimpawu, ukuze uphile ubomi obusebenzayo kunye nobuqhelekileyo. Njengoko wonke umntu esiba nesifuba ngokwahlukileyo, ugqirha wakho uya kudibanisa isicwangciso sonyango lwesifuba esilungiselelwe wena ngokukodwa.

Iindlela ezimbini ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe i-inhalers kubantu abane-asthma:

  • I-reliever okanye i-inhaler yokuhlangula - oku kusetyenziselwa ukunyanga iimpawu zakho xa zivela kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kunika isiqabu kwimizuzu. Inokusetyenziswa kwakhona ngaphambi kokuzivocavoca. Ngaphambili, i-inhalers yokuhlangula iqulethe kuphela i-bronchodilator efana ne-albuterol. Nangona ezi ziphefumli zizakuphumza izihlunu zemiphunga yakho zenza kube lula ukuphefumla, aziyinyangi isifuba sakho okanye zikuthintele ekubeni ube nohlaselo oluqatha. Kumazwe amaninzi, abantu abane-asthma banokumiselwa i-anti-inflammatory reliever (AIR). Oku kuqulethe i-corticosteroid ephefumleyo kunye ne-bronchodilator, ethi kunye nokuphumza izihlunu zemiphunga yakho yenze kube lula kuwe ukuphefumla, ikwanyanga ukudumba kwimizila yakho yomoya ebangela iimpawu kunye nohlaselo lwakho lwesifuba. 
  • Ukuthintela imihla ngemihla okanye isilawuli se-inhaler - oku kuqulethe i-corticosteroid echasayo, ngamanye amaxesha idibaniswe neyeza elide le-beta-agonist kwaye isetyenziswe imihla ngemihla, njengoko kuchaziwe, ukunciphisa inani lokuvuvukala kunye novelwano kwi-airways yakho. Abantu abane-asthma ephakathi okanye enzima kufuneka basebenzise isithinteli semihla ngemihla okanye isilawuli se-inhaler ukunceda ukulawula iimpawu ze-asthma, ukunqanda ukuba zingenzeki, kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuhlaselwa kwe-asthma.

Izikhokelo ze-asthma zamazwe ngamazwe zicebisa ukuba wonke umntu onesifo sombefu oneminyaka emi-6 ubudala nangaphezulu kufuneka athathe i-inhaler ene-corticosteroid, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuhlaselwa kakhulu. Abantu abaninzi abane-asthma badinga kuphela idosi ephantsi ye-corticosteroid e-inhaled, mhlawumbi njenge-anti-inflammatory reliever inhaler okanye njenge-inhaler ye-anti-inflammatory yemihla ngemihla. Ezi inhalers zedosi ephantsi zikhuselekile kakhulu ukuba zisetyenziswe, kwaye kunye nokulawula iimpawu zakho, ziyakukhusela kuhlaselo oluqatha. 

Abantu abaneempawu zesifuba okanye ukuhlaselwa kwabo kungalawulwa kakuhle ngedosi ephantsi ye-corticosteroid inhaler kufuneka bathathe i-corticosteroid inhaler okanye indibaniselwano ye-corticosteroid kunye ne-beta-agonist inhaler yonke imihla, kunye ne-reliever inhaler. 

Kukwakho nokhetho lwendibaniselwano yesithinteli-sithinteli kumazwe amaninzi kubantu abadala nabafikisayo (kwaye kwamanye amazwe nakubantwana abaneminyaka emi-4 okanye emi-6 ubudala nangaphezulu) abanesifuba esiphakathi ukuya kobukhulu. Ungakuva oku kubhekiswa kuko njengonyango lwe-MART okanye lwe-SMART, olumele iSingle Maintenance and Reliever Therapy. Ngolu nyango, usebenzisa i-anti-inflammatory reliever inhaler efanayo yokunciphisa iimpawu (kunye nangaphambi kokuzivocavoca ukuba kuyimfuneko) kunye nonyango lwakho oluqhelekileyo lwemihla ngemihla okanye unyango lomlawuli.

Qinisekisa ukuba ufunda indlela echanekileyo yokusebenzisa i-inhaler yakho okanye i-inhalers. Umzekelo, ukuba une "puffer" equlethe i-aerosol yokuhambisa iyeza kwi-airways yakho, kufuneka uphefumle iyeza ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba une-powder inhaler eyomileyo, kufuneka uphefumle amayeza ngamandla. 

Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimpawu zakho, amanye amayeza kunye nonyango lunokumiselwa. Unyango olongezelelweyo [28], olufana olukhethekileyo umthambo wokuphefumla, inokucetyiswa ukuba ikuncede ufunde ukuphefumla ngcono nge-asthma kunye nokwandisa umthamo wakho wemiphunga, amandla kunye nempilo. Kubalulekile ukuba ukuphephe ukuchanabeka kumsi wecuba okanye iimveliso zevape, kuba ezi zibanga iingxaki ezinzulu zemiphunga kubantu abanesifo sombefu. Ukuba uyatshaya okanye ivape, cela ingcebiso kugqirha wakho okanye usokhemesti ukukunceda ukuba uyeke. Apho kunokwenzeka, kuphephe ukungcoliseka komoya ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Umzekelo, ukuba kunokwenzeka, zilolonge kude neendlela ezinkulu. Ukuzivocavoca umzimba rhoqo kunye nokutya okunempilo kuyacetyiswa kubo bonke abantu abane-asthma. 

Umxholo ujongiwe by Iqela leNzululwazi kunye neeNgcebiso zeGAAPP.

Ukuphila Ngcono Nge-Asma

Ucaphulo

  1. Inyathelo lehlabathi loMbefu. ISicwangciso-qhinga seHlabathi soLawulo noThintelo lweMbefu.; 2024. https://ginasthma.org/reports/
  2. Ihlabathi. Umbefu. Who.int. Ipapashwe nge-4 kuMeyi, 2023. Ifikeleleke ngo-Aprili 2, 2024. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/asthma
  3. Iimpawu Zombefu. I-Asma kunye neSiseko sokuLwa komzimba eMelika. Ipapashwe ngoFebruwari 9, 2024. Ifikeleleke ngoAprili 2, 2024. https://aafa.org/asthma/asthma-symptoms/
  4. Siqatha kangakanani Isifuba sam? | Uthungelwano lweAllergy & Asma. Uthungelwano lweAllergy & Asma. Ipapashwe nge-26 kaJulayi 2023. Ifikeleleke ngo-Aprili 2, 2024. https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/news/how-severe-is-my-asthma/
  5. Uhlaselo Lombefu. NHLBI, NIH. Ipapashwe nge-12 kaJanuwari 2024. Ifikeleleke nge-2 ka-Epreli 2024. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/asthma/attacks
  6. Iklinikhi C. Bronchospasm: Iimpawu, Unyango & Yintoni. Iklinikhi yaseCleveland. Ipapashwe ngo-2022. Ifikeleleke nge-2 ka-Epreli 2024. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22620-bronchospasm
  7. Umbefu – Iimpawu kunye noonobangela. Iklinikhi yaseMayo. Ipapashwe ngo-2022. Ifikeleleke nge-2 ka-Epreli 2024. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20369653
  8. Uhlaselo Lombefu | Izizathu, Iimpawu kunye noNyango | IWebhsayithi yoLuntu ye-ACAAI. IWebhsayithi yoLuntu ye-ACAAI. Ipapashwe nge-18 ka-Epreli 2022. Ifikeleleke ngo-Aprili 2, 2024. https://acaai.org/asthma/symptoms/asthma-attack/
  9. I-CDC. IziCwangciso zokuSebenza koMbefu. Amaziko oLawulo noThintelo lweZifo. Ipapashwe ngoJuni 23, 2023. Ifikeleleke nge-2 ka-Epreli 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/actionplan.html
  10. Umbutho wamaLung waseMelika. Yintoni Ebangela Isifo Sombefu? Lung.org. Ipapashwe ngo-2023. Ifikeleleke nge-2 ka-Epreli 2024. https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/asthma/learn-about-asthma/what-causes-asthma
  11. UCaffarelli C, uGracci S, uGiuliana Giannì, uBernardini R. Ngaba iintsana zizalwa ngaphambi kwexesha elililo kuMngcipheko weMfumfu oPhezulu? Ijenali yezonyango zonyango. 2023;12(16):5400-5400. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165400
  12. Oonobangela kunye neZixhokonxa. NHLBI, NIH. Ipapashwe nge-24 kaMatshi 2022. Ifikeleleke ngo-Aprili 2, 2024. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/asthma/causes
  13. Ndimele ndenze ntoni xa ndinayo COVID-19? Umbefu + nemiphunga e-UK. Ipapashwe nge-30 kaSeptemba 2023. Ifikeleleke ngo-Aprili 2, 2024. https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/coronavirus/i-have-covid
  14. Ukutya. I-Asma kunye neSiseko sokuLwa komzimba saseMelika. Ipapashwe nge-24 kaJanuwari 2024. Ifikeleleke nge-2 ka-Epreli 2024. https://aafa.org/asthma/asthma-triggers-causes/food-as-an-asthma-trigger/
  15. Isifo seGastroesophageal Reflux (GERD). I-Asma kunye neSiseko sokuLwa komzimba eMelika. Ipapashwe nge-31 ka-Okthobha 2022. Ifikeleleke nge-2 ka-Epreli 2024. https://aafa.org/asthma/asthma-triggers-causes/health-conditions-that-trigger-asthma/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease/
  16. Ikliniki C. Isifuba Se-Asma Esibangelwa Kukwalana Nezinto: Oonobangela, Iimpawu, Uvavanyo & Nonyango. Iklinikhi yaseCleveland. Ipapashwe ngo-2024. Ifikeleleke nge-2 ka-Epreli 2024. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21461-allergic-asthma
  17. Iintlobo ze-asthma. Umbefu + nemiphunga e-UK. Ipapashwe nge-30 kaNovemba 2022. Ifikeleleke ngo-Aprili 2, 2024. https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/asthma/types-asthma
  18. Iintlobo ze-asthma. Umbefu + nemiphunga e-UK. Ipapashwe nge-30 kaNovemba 2022. Ifikeleleke ngo-Aprili 2, 2024. https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/asthma/types-asthma
  19. Isifuba Sombefu Sabantu Abadala |. Asthmaandallergies.org. Ipapashwe ngo-2024. Ifikeleleke nge-2 ka-Epreli 2024. https://asthmaandallergies.org/asthma-allergies/adult-onset-asthma/
  20. Ukulungiswa kwendlela yomoya | Inyathelo leMbefu laseMichigan (AIM). Getasthmahelp.org. Ipapashwe ngo-2024. Ifikeleleke nge-2 ka-Epreli 2024. https://getasthmahelp.org/asthma-airway-remodeling.aspx
  21. I-AsthmaStats – I-asthma kunye nokutyeba kakhulu. Ipapashwe ngo-2024. Ifikeleleke nge-2 ka-Epreli 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/asthma_stats/asthma_obesity.htm
  22. Isifuba somoya esibangelwa kukuzilolonga-Isifo sombefu esibangelwa ngumthambo – Iimpawu kunye noonobangela – Ikliniki yaseMayo. Ikliniki yaseMayo. Ipapashwe ngo-2022. Ifikeleleke nge-2 ka-Epreli 2024. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/exercise-induced-asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20372300
  23. Umbefu kwiintsana nakubantwana abancinci |. Asthmaandallergies.org. Ipapashwe ngo-2024. Ifikeleleke nge-2 ka-Epreli 2024. https://asthmaandallergies.org/asthma-allergies/asthma-in-infants-and-young-children/
  24. Isifuba Sombefu esiMandundu. Aaaaai.org. Ipapashwe ngo-2023. Ifikeleleke nge-2 ka-Epreli 2024. https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/asthma/severe-asthma
  25. I-Spirometry. I-Asma kunye neSiseko sokuLwa komzimba eMelika. Ipapashwe ngoNovemba 11, 2022. Ifikeleleke ngoAprili 2, 2024. https://aafa.org/asthma/asthma-diagnosis/lung-function-tests-diagnose-asthma/spirometry/
  26. DeVrieze BW, Modi P, Giwa AO. Umlinganiselo weRayithi ePhakamileyo. Nih.gov. Ipapashwe nge-31 kaJulayi 2023. Ifikeleleke ngo-Aprili 2, 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459325/
  27. YINTONI UVAVANYO NGEQHINGA LOKUKHUTSHWA I-NITRIC OXIDE (FeNO)? https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/FeNO-Testing.pdf
  28. Unyango olongezelelweyo kunye ne-asthma. Umbefu + nemiphunga e-UK. Ipapashwe nge-30 Septemba 2022. Ifikeleleke nge-2 ka-Epreli 2024. https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/symptoms-tests-treatments/treatments/complementary-therapies
Igqityelwe ukuhlelwa: 07/21/2024