COVID-19 Iigonya
22/03/2021
Izitofu zokugonya ezikhoyo COVID-19 Usulelo.
Izitofu zokugonya zezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokuthintela ngokuchasene COVID-19 nesisombululo ekuphela kwaso sokuphelisa ubhubhane.
Izitofu zokugonya ezisebenzayo ziye zaziswa kwintengiso ngesantya esingazange sabonwa ngaphambili.
Ekupheleni konyaka ka-2020, imibutho yezempilo karhulumente kumazwe ahlukeneyo kwihlabathi jikelele yaqala ukugonya COVID-19.
Izitofu zokugonya ezintandathu ngoku ziyasetyenziswa.
IModerna: mRNA-1273
Eli yeza lokuthintela lalilulungiso lokuqala. Nokuba iingcali zamangaliswa sisantya sophuhliso lwayo. Ngokwengxelo zemithombo yeendaba ezinetyala, inkampani yezamayeza yaseMelika iModerna sele inefomyula yesitofu sayo sokugonya i-mRNA-1273 esilungile nge-13 kaJanuwari, kwiintsuku ezintathu emva kokupapashwa kwencindi yemfuza yeSars-CoV-2
Njengoko igama lisitsho, le nto ibizwa ngokuba sisigonyo seMRNA. Kule nkqubo, iziqwengana ze-RNA ezenziwe ngentsholongwane zisetyenziselwa ukunika umzimba loo miyalelo iyenza ikwazi ukuvelisa iprotein elinganisa iseti yentsholongwane. Oku kuyaqatshelwa ngamajoni omzimba, aphendulayo kwaye avelise izilwa-buhlungu kunye neeseli zeT. Ukuba i-coronavirus yokwenene ivela, inkqubo yokhuselo ixhotyisiwe kwaye inokuthintela usulelo.
Kwisigaba 3 sophando lwezifundo ezingaphezulu kwama-30,000, iyeza (elinikezwe ngeedosi ezimbini ngaphandle kweeveki ezine) ibingama-94.5 epesenti esebenzayo ekukhuseleni COVID-19, ngokukodwa ikhondo elibi losulelo. Nangona kunjalo, isitofu sokugonya besisebenza ngokuthe kratya kumaqela amancinci abantu kunasebekhulile, abajolise kubo ikakhulu.
Xa kuthelekiswa nogonyo lwe-Biontech / Pfizer, isitofu sokugonya seModerna sibangele iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga kubantu abaninzi, ikakhulu ezibandakanya iintlungu kwindawo yenaliti kunye neempawu ezinjengomkhuhlane, kodwa ezi ziye zancipha ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, kukwakhona inzuzo xa kuthelekiswa nogonyo lwe-Biontech / Pfizer: iyeza lokugonya laseModerna, esele lilayisenisiwe kwaye ligonyiwe e-US, lingagcinwa kwi-20 degrees Celsius ukuya kuthi ga kwiinyanga ezintandathu kwaye ithathwa njengengafunanga thabatha 70 izidanga ezinje ngeBiontech / Pfizer vaccine.
Iphepha leenkcukacha ze-FDA: https://www.fda.gov/media/144638/download
I-BioNTech / iPfizer: NT162b2
Ngoyena uphumeleleyo kugqatso lomhlaba jikelele: Isitofu sokugonya se-NT162b2 esivela kwiinkampani ezixuba amayeza i-BioNTech kunye ne-Pfizer yaba yeyokuqala ukushenxisa umqobo wemvume kumazwe aliqela kwaye sele isetyenziswa kwinqanaba elikhulu: ngaphezulu kweedosi ezizigidi ezibini sele zigonyiwe .
Njengakwiyeza lokugonya likaPfizer, i-NT162b2 sisigonyo se-mRNA: Isitofu sokugonya sinika iiseli imiyalelo eziyidingayo ukuze zivelise iproteni elinganisa inxenye yentsholongwane. Oku kukhokelela ekuphenduleni komzimba.
Idatha evela kulingo olubalulekileyo lweSigaba 3 ebandakanya phantse izifundo ezingama-44,000, isiqingatha sazo safumana isitofu sokugonya kunye nesiqingatha se-placebo, sasinomdla. Isitofu sokugonya, idosi ezimbini zenziwa ngaphandle kweeveki ezintathu ngokwahlukeneyo, zibonelela ngokusebenza malunga neepesenti ezingama-95 kwaye zikhusela abantu abadala.
Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga bezilinganiselwe: iintlungu kwindawo yenaliti kunye neempawu ezinje ngomkhuhlane, eziye zabuya emva kosuku olunye ukuya kwiintsuku ezimbini. Isilumkiso siyacetyiswa, nangona kunjalo, kubantu abathambekele kukothuka kwe-anaphylactic.
Ingxaki ephambili nge-NT162b2 kukugcina: ichiza kufuneka lithunyelwe kwaye ligcinwe okwethutyana kwi-degrees ezingama-70; kumaqondo aqhelekileyo esiqandisi, inobomi beentsuku ezintlanu. Nangona kunjalo, idatha entsha kulindeleke apha enokwandisa eli xesha.
Iphepha leenkcukacha ze-FDA: https://www.fda.gov/media/144414/download
I-AstraZeneca: I-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19
Esi sitofu sinendima ephambili ekufuneka siyidlalile kwidabi lehlabathi lokulwa ubhubhane wecorona. Kungenxa yokuba isitofu sokugonya i-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 esivela kwiYunivesithi yaseOxford kunye nenkampani eyenza amayeza i-AstraZeneca ayibizi mali ingako, inokuveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ayifuni kupholiswa ngokukodwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeengxaki zezilingo, ukuvunywa kwayo kulibazisekile ngandlela ithile. Kodwa ngoku i-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 ivunyiwe e-UK nase-India.
Isitofu sokugonya sisifo ekuthiwa sisiyeza sokuthintela ubisi kwaye sineentsholongwane ezibandayo ezitshintshiweyo kwimfuza itshimpanzi, nezixhobo zemvelo ezivela kwi-Sars-CoV-2 ezaziswa kwiiseli zomntu njenge vector. Lo mgaqo wevektha wawusetyenziswa kugonyo lwe-Ebola.
Ukusebenza kwesitofu sokugonya kusekho impikiswano: ukukhuselwa malunga neepesenti ezingama-90 kwafezekiswa xa idosi enesiqingatha yayilawulwa yalandelwa yidosi epheleleyo ngamakhefu enyanga enye. Iirejimeni zedosi ezazenzelwe ukuba zifezekiswe ngempumelelo yeepesenti ezingama-62 kuphela.
Umphathi we-AstraZeneca, u-Pascal Soriot, ubhengeze kutshanje ukuba kubonakala ngathi ifomula ithembisa ukusebenza ngokufana nogonyo lwe-mRNA ,, nangona engakhange anike datha ithile. Uye wenza, nangona kunjalo, wabhengeza ukupapashwa ngalo mbandela kungekudala. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, azikho iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezibi ezenzekileyo kwizifundo zovavanyo ezingama-40,000- izigulo ezibangele ukuphazamiseka okufutshane kuvavanyo lweSigaba 3 zazingahambelani nesitofu sokugonya.
E-UK, isitofu sokugonya safumana ukuvunywa okungxamisekileyo ekupheleni kukaDisemba 2020 kwaye ugonyo lwaqala ngoJanuwari 4. Yintoni ekhethekileyo malunga nesicwangciso sokugonya sase-Bhritane ngokunxulumene ne-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 kukuba, ngenxa yokunqaba kwesitofu, injongo Kuku (ngokuyinxenye) ukugonya abantu abaninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngethamo lokuqala kuqala.
Idosi yesibini kuphela emva kweenyanga ezintathu
Oku kufuneka kuqinisekise ukukhuselwa kwikhosi yesi sifo ngokukhawuleza. Idosi yesibini emva koko kufuneka ilawulwe kuphela emva kweenyanga ezintathu, exhaswa ziingcali ezizimeleyo ngokwembono yamanani osulelo. Kucingelwa ukuba ulawulo lwamva lwe "booster", okt ugonyo lwesibini oluyinxenye, akufuneki lube yingxaki kwaye lunokwandisa nokusebenza.
Iphepha leenkcukacha ze-FDA alikafumaneki
Johnson & Johnson: JNJ-78436735 okanye Ad26.COV2.S
Isitofu sokugonya sikaJohnson & Johnson silawulwa njengethamo elinye, ngokungafaniyo namayeza okugonya amathamo amabini e-coronavirus asuka ePfizer, Moderna nase-AstraZeneca.
Ugonyo lukaJohnson & Johnson sisiphumo samashumi eminyaka sophando kwizitofu ezisekwe kwi-adenovirus. NgoJulayi, eyokuqala yamkelwa ukuba isetyenziswe ngokubanzi - iyeza lokugonya i-Ebola, eliveliswe nguJohnson & Johnson. Inkampani ikwaqhuba ulingo lwezitofu ezisekwe kwi-adenovirus zezinye izifo, kubandakanya i-HIV kunye neZika. Ezinye izitofu zokugonya ze-coronavirus zikwasekwe kwii-adenoviruses, ezinjengezo ziphuhliswe yiYunivesithi yaseOxford kunye ne-AstraZeneca.
Kuphononongo lwabathathi-nxaxheba abangama-43,783 e-US, Latin America nase Mzantsi Afrika, iyeza lokuthintela lathintela malunga ne-66% ye COVID-19 amatyala. Inkampani ifumene ubungqina bokungakhuseleki kubathathi-nxaxheba kwiiveki ezimbini emva kogonyo, olubonakala lomelela ngokuhamba kwexesha. Isitofu sokugonya sikwakhusele nxamnye ne-85% ye-moderation-to-severe COVID-19 iimeko-uhlobo olunokubangela ukuba umntu afune unyango-kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku unikeze ukhuseleko olupheleleyo ekufeni COVID-19.
Iziphumo ezichazwe ngokudibeneyo neJanssen COVID-19 isitofu sokugonya siquka: Ukusabela kwesiza ngenaliti: iintlungu, ukuba bomvu kwesikhumba, nokudumba kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ngokubanzi: Intloko ebuhlungu, ukuziva udiniwe kakhulu, iintlungu zemisipha, isicaphucaphu kunye nomkhuhlane.
Iphepha leenkcukacha ze-FDA: https://www.fda.gov/media/146305/download
IGamaleja-IZiko leMoskau: Sputnik V
Isitofu sokugonya saseRussia Sputnik V, esifana neYunivesithi yaseOxford kunye nomenzi ugonyo lwe-AZD1222 lwe-AstraZeneca lusekwe kwi-adenoviruses, ngokucacileyo ifezekisa ukusebenza okungcono kokukhusela, ekuthiwa kungaphezulu kwe-95%, ngokutsho kukhuphelo kumaphephandaba kwingxowa-mali ethe ngqo yotyalo mali ye-RDIF.
Ubhubhane we-SARS-CoV-2 ukhawulezise uphuhliso lwezitofu zenoveli ezazifakwe ngaphambili njengezilingiweyo. Oku kubandakanya i-AZD1222 evela kumenzi we-AstraZeneca kunye no-Sputnik V ovela kwi-Gamaleja Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology eMoscow.
Zombini ezi zitofu zisebenzisa i-adenoviruses njengamaveji ukuhambisa ii-genes zeprotein ye-spike kwiiseli zemisipha, apho kwenziwa khona isitofu sokugonya. Inkqubo yintsha. Iiadenoviruses zisetyenziswe kuphela njengezithuthi zemfuza kunyango lofuzo olusekwe kwisicelo esinye. Ukugonywa kuhlala kufuna idosi ezininzi.
Kuba amajoni omzimba anokuvelisa ii-antibodies ngokuchasene neeadenoviruses emva kogonyo lokuqala, ifuthe ledosi yesibini linokuba buthathaka ukuba amajoni omzimba aphelisa iintsholongwane ngaphambi kokuba zichaphazele iiseli ekujoliswe kuzo.
Abaphandi baseRussia babelindele umngcipheko wokwenziwa kwe-antibody ngokuchasene nevector kwaye ke bakhetha ii-virus ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Iyeza lokuthintela idosi yokuqala lixhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-2 adenovirus (rAd26). Kwidosi yesibini, uhlobo lwe-26 adenovirus (rAd5) lwalusetyenziswa. Oku kungachaza ukuba kutheni ukhuseleko oluphezulu kwisigaba esiqhubekayo se-5/2 siphezulu kunakwisifundo esenziwe ngumenzi we-AstraZeneca.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30923-3/fulltext
ISinopharm China: isitofu sokugonya se-CNBG
I-China ivumile isitofu sokugonya seSinopharm ukuba sisetyenziswe ngokubanzi ngoDisemba 31,2020. Ikwamkelwe kwi-UAE.
Kwanangaphambi kokuvunywa ngokusesikweni, malunga ne-4.5 yezigidi zeedosi zokugonya zazisenziwa e-China, ngakumbi abasebenzi bezempilo okanye abasebenzi bamashishini aphantsi korhulumente. Ngoku abasemagunyeni banike imvume esemthethweni kwisitofu sokuqala sokugonya i-corona, isitofu sokugonya esivela kurhulumente weSinopharm.
Ngokuka-Sinopharm, iyeza lokugonya liphumelele ukusebenza ngeepesenti ezingama-79 kwizilingo. Ilawulwa ngamanani amabini. Izitofu ezivela kwiPfizer / BioNTech kunye neModerna zifezekise ukusebenza okuphakathi komyinge wama-95 kunye nama-94 epesenti, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ngokungafaniyo nezitofu zokugonya, isitofu sokugonya saseTshayina asisebenzisi ubunjineli bemfuza. Endaweni yoko, isekwe kwindlela yeklasikhi yokuvuselela impendulo ngokubulala iintsholongwane ze-corona.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukuzithemba kwamanye amazwe kwizitofu zaseTshayina bekusilela kakhulu, ngokuyinxenye kuba zimbalwa iziphumo zovavanyo ezipapashiweyo. Abaqwalaseli bacinga ukuba i-China kuya kufuneka yenze ukuba kufumaneke ulwazi ngakumbi ukuze kufumaneke ukuzithemba.
Umhla: Matshi 19, 2021