Sebenzisa unyango njengoko kumiselwe kunokubonisa utshintsho olukhulu kwimpilo yomntu, imo yakhe kunye nophuhliso lwakube iyeza lokungezwani nokwelashwa okanye indlela yesiqhelo yonyango isebenza ukulawula iimpawu.

Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokunyanga amayeza:

Antihistamines

Umsebenzi we-Antihistamines ngokuthintela ifuthe le-histamine, enye yeekhemikhali eziphambili ezikhutshwa ngumzimba xa zidibana ne-allergen apho ukhuthazwa khona. I-Antihistamines mhlawumbi lolona hlobo lonyango laziwayo, kwaye uninzi luyafumaneka kwikhemesti ngaphandle kokuyalelwa. Banokuzola ukuthimla, ukurhawuzelela, ukuphuma kwempumlo kunye nemingxunya. Ziza ngamacwecwe, ulwelo, iipilisi ezinyibilikayo okanye iipreyi zempumlo. Amachiza ama-antihistamines amatsha, angahlali kunye nokuthomalalisa umzimba akhuselekile kunalawo mdala, kuba mancinci amathuba okubangela ukozela okanye ukuthomalalisa.

Abachasi beLeukotriene

Olu nyango lwamayeza okuthintela ukomelela kuthintela isenzo seqela leekhemikhali, ii-leukotrienes, eziqinisa izihlunu ezijikeleze umoya womoya wemiphunga. Njenge-histamine, ziyakhutshwa ngexesha lokungalungelelani ikakhulu kwiiseli zomzimba, iiseli zemasti, ezingumbindi wokubangela ukusabela okungafunekiyo.

Iibronchodilators

Basebenza ngokuphumla kwimisipha egudileyo yomoya womphunga. Iibronchodilators zisetyenziselwa ukukhulula ukuqina kwesifuba kunye nokubethwa ziimpawu ezikhawulezileyo ze i-asthma. Ukuba uphethwe ngamanye amaxesha ngamavili okanye ukuqina kwesifuba ungasebenzisa ngokukhuselekileyo ii-bronchodilators njengonyango olunye. Ukuba iimpawu zesifuba zihlala ixesha elide, ii-bronchodilators kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokudibeneyo ne-corticosteroid inhaler, eya kuthi inyange ixesha elide lokudumba okubangela ukuhlaselwa sisifo sombefu.

Abazinqandayo

Ukuyekisa amandla kuthintela imithambo yegazi empumlweni kwaye kunokunikwa isitshizi sempumlo, amathontsi okanye iipilisi ukubonelela ngesiqabu kwangoko sokuvaleka kwempumlo. Akufanele zisetyenziselwe ngaphezulu kweentsuku ezisi-7 njengoko zinokonakalisa izicwili zempumlo kwaye zibangele ukwanda kweempawu.

IiChromones

Amachiza, i-cromolyn sodium (okanye icromolyn) Kunye nedokomile, ziqokelelwa ndawonye njenge chromones (ekwabizwa ngokuba zii cromoglycates). I-Cromoglycate isebenza ngokuthintela iimpendulo zeeseli ezikhupha i-histamine ngexesha lokungalungelelani, kwaye inokuba luncedo kwenye i-antihistamine kuthintelo lwempendulo. Nangona kunjalo, olu nyango lusebenza kuphela ukuba luthathwe ngaphambi kokudibana ne-allergen, kwaye kunokuthatha inani leeveki ukuba iziphumo zonyango zibonwe. I-Cromoglycate isetyenziswa ikakhulu kumaconsi wamehlo, kwaye iluncedo kakhulu kolu nyango kuba ii-antihistamines azisoloko zibonelela ngesiqabu kwiimpawu zeliso lokungabikho komzimba.

Adrenaline

Adrenaline (epinephrine) isetyenziselwa ukunyanga umothuko we-anaphylactic, apho ngequbuliso, amanqanaba aphezulu e-histamine kunye nezinye izinto ezikhutshwe ngexesha lokungalungelani nezinto ezibangela isigulana ukuba kube nzima ukuphefumla, kwaye kunokubangela nokulahleka kwengqondo. Isebenza ngokuchasene nazo zonke iimpembelelo emzimbeni wokukhululwa ngesiquphe kwigazi le-histamine kunye neleukotrienes. Eli yeza lolona nyango lusebenzayo kwizigulo ezibukhali ezibizwa ngokuba yi "anaphylaxis" kwaye zisindise ubomi babantu abaninzi.

Ukothuka kwe-Anaphylactic kunokwenzeka kwangoko emva kokudibana ne-allergen, okanye ukuya kuthi ga kwiiyure ezimbalwa kamva. I-Adrenaline yincindi yedlala eveliswa ngumzimba eyanciphisa ukudumba okunxulunyaniswa negalelo lokungazenzi komzimba, kunciphisa iimpawu zesifuba, yenza lula ukuphefumla, iqinise imithambo yegazi kwaye ivuselele intliziyo. Uphando lubonise ukuba ngokukhawuleza i-adrenaline inikwa nje ukuba i-anaphylactic reaction iqale, ngcono isiphumo sempilo kwisigulana. Ngesi sizathu, abantu abasemngciphekweni we-anaphylaxis bahlala bemiselwe iyunithi enye yokuzilawula ngenaliti okanye ngesixhobo sokuzenzekelayo (umzekelo u-Epipen, Jext okanye Anapen) ochukunyiswayo xa ucinezelwe ngokuqinileyo kulusu. Indawo ekhethwayo yenaliti iphakathi kwesihlunu esingaphandle kwethanga. Kubalulekile ukuba ezi zihlale ziqhutywa nomntu ongalunganga kwaye ziyafumaneka ukuze zisetyenziswe. Iadrenaline auto-injectors ijongeka ngathi ziipeni kwaye imiselwe ngokobunzima besigulana. Uninzi lwabantwana luya kunikwa isitofu esincinci, kodwa abantwana abakhulu kunye nolutsha baya kumiselwa uhlobo lwabantu abadala.

Nje ukuba kunikwe idosi ye-adrenaline, kufuneka kubizwe i-ambulensi kwaye isiguli kufuneka siye esibhedlele ukuze kunyangwe enye indlela.

Corticosteroids

Iicorticosteroids zihlala zibizwa ngokuba yi "steroids". I-steroids esetyenziselwa unyango lwe-allergies iphantse yafana nehomoni yendalo, i-cortisol, eveliswa ngamadlala omzimba. I-corticosteroids yonyango isebenza ngokuthintela umzimba ekwenzeni izithunywa zamachiza (ezibizwa ngokuba zii-cytokines) ezinoxanduva lokwandisa ukuvuvukala kwethishyu kwangoko okwenzeka emva kokubhencwa kwe-allergen. I-Corticosteroids ke isetyenziselwa ukunyanga ixesha elide ukudumba okufumaneka kwiimeko ezinganyangekiyo njenge-asthma, imeko yesikhumba, i-hay fever kunye ne-perennial rhinitis.

Banokunikwa ngokutshizwa ngeempumlo ngenxa yehay fever kunye neerhinitis engapheliyo. Zinciphisa ukudumba. Ukudumba kubangela impumlo egudileyo, erhawuzelayo neyirhawuzelelayo. Kananjalo zinokuthathwa nge-inhalation, kwi-asthma, kunye ne-creams okanye i-ointments yeemeko zesikhumba ezichasayo. Ukuthintela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, ezi inhalers kunye nezitshizi zenziwe ukuba zisebenze kumphezulu wempumlo okanye emiphungeni, kwaye zingene gwenxa kwigazi. Ezinye iimpendulo ezichaseneyo zibandakanya okwesibini, emva kwexesha lokuphendula emva kwesenzo sokuqala sokungabikho komzimba. Eli nqanaba lesibini lokungalungelelani komzimba kubangelwa ngamajoni omzimba abiza amanye amaseli omzimba ukukhusela umzimba. Ezi seli zikhupha iikhemikhali ezandisa ngakumbi icandelo lomzimba esele licatshukisiwe kukusabela kokuqala kokungahambelani komzimba, kwaye kunokubangela ezinye iimpawu kwamanye amalungu omzimba. ICorticosteroids, ngokungafaniyo ne-antihistamines, inokunciphisa iimpawu zempendulo yesigaba sokugqibela, ngokunciphisa umsebenzi weeseli ezinoxanduva lokukhupha ezinye iikhemikhali emzimbeni. Ngale ndlela ii-steroids azinciphisi kuphela ukudumba, kodwa zinokuphelisa nokudumba okungapheliyo okwenzeka rhoqo.

I-Corticosteroids ingathathwa kwifom yecwecwe ukunyanga ukubonakaliswa okuphindaphindiweyo kwesifo esichasayo, umzekelo, kwisigulana esine-asthma, i-allergen rhinitis kunye ne-eczema. Ukumiselwa kwe-corticosteroids kwifom yecwecwe kugcinelwe iimeko ezinobungozi.

Isigulana esisebenzisa ii-steroids kufuneka sibekwe esweni ngononophelo kwaye sifumane ukukhangelwa rhoqo.

Unyango oluchasene ne-IgE

Ukubaluleka kwe-immunoglobulin E (IgE) kwizifo ze-atopic ezinje nge-asthma, i-allergen rhinitis, ukutya komzimba kunye ne-atopic dermatitis kusekwe kakuhle. Ukuphakama kwe-serum ye-IgE iyonke kufunyanwa kwizigulana ezininzi ze-atopic, nakubantu abachongiweyo, i-IgE ekhethekileyo ye-allergen iveliswa. Iintsholongwane ze-IgE zezona zinto zixhaphakileyo kumajoni omzimba aphendula kwi-allergen kwaye aqalise impendulo. Amachiza e-anti-IgE ayilelwe ukunciphisa ubuntununtunu kwi-inhalled okanye yokungenisa i-allergen, ngakumbi kulawulo lwe-asthma enobungozi, engaphenduliyo kwiidosi eziphezulu ze-corticosteroids. Bathatha ii-antibodies ze-IgE ngaphandle kokuhamba. Iyeza elichasene ne-IgE linokuvumela abanye abantu ukuba banciphise, kwaye bade bayeke, unyango lwabo lwe-steroid lwe-inhaled. I-Omalizumab yayiyi-anti-monoclonal antibody yokuqala yabantu ngokuchasene ne-IgE eyasungulwa ngo-2005. Okwangoku kukho amava amaninzi ngeli chiza elinomdla kwaye lisebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwi-urticaria engapheliyo.

I-Allergen Immunotherapy

I-Allergen immunotherapy, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-desensitization okanye i-hypo-sensitization, lunyango lwezonyango kwezinye iintlobo zeempawu zokwaliwa. Efunyenwe nguLeonard Noon noJohn Freeman ngo-1911, i-allergen immunotherapy yodwa yonyango eyaziwayo ukujongana nje neempawu kodwa kunye nezizathu zokuphefumula. Olu kuphela konyango oluyinyani oluguqula amajoni omzimba. Iluncedo kulwalwa kwendalo, ukunganyangeki xa ulunywa zizinambuzane kunye nesifuba. Isibonelelo salo sokutya kokutya akucaci kwaye ngenxa yoko akunconywa. I-Immunotherapy iyaphikiswa kwizigulana ezinesifo sombefu esinzima, esingazinzanga, okanye esingalawulekiyo.

Inaliti yeAllergen Immunotherapy-SCIT

I-Allergen immunotherapy ibandakanya ukufakwa kwenani elonyukayo le-allergen phantsi kwesikhumba kude kube kunciphise uvakalelo. Inaliti zinikwa kuqala ngeveki okanye kabini ngeveki kwaye emva kwenyanga kwisithuba seminyaka emi-3-5. Iimpawu zokungezwani komzimba aziyi kuyeka ubusuku bonke. Bahlala bephucula kunyaka wokuqala wonyango, kodwa olona phuculo lubonakalayo luhlala lusenzeka kunyaka wesibini. Ngonyaka wesithathu, uninzi lwabantu luye lwazithemba kwizigulo ezikwimeko yokudubula- kwaye akusekho zinto zingahambelaniyo nazo. Emva kweminyaka embalwa yonyango oluyimpumelelo, abanye abantu abanangxaki zibalulekileyo nasemva kokuba beyekisiwe. Abanye abantu badinga isibhamu esiqhubekayo ukugcina iimpawu ziphantsi kolawulo. Olu nyango lusebenza kakhulu kwinyosi, unomeva, ibhatyi etyheli, uphondo kunye ne-ant venom allergy kunye nokwaliwa zizinto ezithile ezingafunekiyo ezifana nengca, ukhula kunye nomungu womthi. Inaliti ye-immunotherapy inokuba luncedo kulawulo lwekati, inja, uthuli kunye nokuqina komzimba. Olu hlobo lonyango lwamayeza alwayo lolona hlobo kuphela lonyango lwezifo ezichasayo ezinokuthi zinciphise kakhulu iimpawu okanye ezinokukhokelela ekusombululeni ngokupheleleyo iimpawu ngaphandle kwamayeza kwaye, xa zilawulwa ebantwaneni, zinokuthintela ukukhula kwesifo esinganyangekiyo. Ngenxa yokuba kukho umngcipheko wokuphendula ngokukhawuleza okwenzekayo ngokukhawuleza okanye kungekudala emva kwejoza, i-allergen immunotherapy kufuneka ifakwe kwiofisi yezonyango apho kukho amayeza afanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo ezikhoyo. Izigulana kufuneka zihlale ziphantsi koqwalaselo lonyango kangangemizuzu engama-20 ukuya kwengama-30 emva kwenaliti ye-immunotherapy xa kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho into eyenzayo. Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ngexesha lonyango zihlala zihlala ezalapha kwaye zinobulali kwaye zihlala zinokupheliswa ngokulungisa idosi. Izibonelelo zinokuhlala iminyaka emva kokuba unyango luyekisiwe.

I-Sub-Lingual (Oral) Allergen Immunotherapy-SLIT

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) yindlela entsha ye-immunotherapy. Endaweni yokutofa i-allergen phantsi kolusu, iidosi ezincinci zenziwa phantsi kolwimi imizuzu emibini emva koko ziginywe. Zimbini iintlobo zeSLIT - iipilisi kunye nethontsi - ngexesha elifanelekileyo lokufumana umungu wengca, uthuli lwendlu kunye neragweed. Amacwecwe e-allergen angaphantsi (iipilisi ze-SLIT) -I-Allergen yenziwa kwithebhulethi yokunyibilika ngokukhawuleza ebanjwa phantsi kolwimi ide inyibilike ngokupheleleyo. Iipilisi ziyazilawula, kanye yonke imihla. Izicatshulwa ezingamanzi ezibizwa ngokuba zii-allergen extracts (i-SLIT-drop) -Incindi yolwelo okanye ulwelo lwe-allergen, elawulwa njengamathontsi, ibanjwa phantsi kolwimi okwemizuzu embalwa emva koko iginywe. I-allergen ithathwa nge-mucosa yomlomo. Ukubamba isicatshulwa phantsi kolwimi kubonakala kusebenza ngakumbi kunikezelo lweziyobisi ezisebenzayo. Unyango oluncinci lwe-immunotherapy (i-SLIT) lonyango luqaliswa ngenqanaba lokuqala elinikezwe phantsi kweliso lonyango, emva koko ulawulo luyaqhubeka kube kanye yonke imihla kwaye luzilawula ngokwalo ngumguli okanye umnakekeli ekhaya.

Abantu abanesifo sokwaliwa ngumzimba badla ngokwaliwa zizinto ezingaphaya kwesinye. Ukudubula kunokubonelela ngoncedo ngaphezu kwesinye se-allergen, ngelixa unyango lwe-SLIT lilinganiselwe kwi-allergen enye.

Kukho ukulunga kunye nokubi kwezi ndlela zahlukileyo zamayeza anyango

  • I-SLIT ikhuselekile, kunye neempendulo ezimbalwa zendawo kunye ne-systemic allergic kune-SCIT.
  • I-SLIT ilunge ngakumbi kwizigulana, akukho naliti.
  • I-SLIT ilunge ngakumbi kwizigulana nakwiiklinikhi kuba unyango luzilawula ngokwalo ngumguli okanye umnakekeli ekhaya.
  • Ukunyanga kunyango kwisigulana kubalulekile. Izigulana eziphosa rhoqo iidosi zisenokungabi neziphumo ezonelisayo.
  • Imfundo yesigulana iya kufuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuba unyango lwenziwa ngokukhuselekileyo nangempumelelo. Izigulana ziya kufuna imfundo malunga nendlela yokuqhubeka kwakhona nonyango emva kweedosi eziphosiweyo.

Buza i-allergenist yakho okanye ugqirha okhethekileyo, unokukunceda wenze izigqibo ezimfutshane kunye nezexesha elide.